5.45x39mm Ammo
5.45x39mm: At a Glance
| Key Characteristics | |
|---|---|
| Firearm Type | Rifle |
| Primer Type | Small Rifle Berdan |
| Used For | Military, Law enforcement, Target shooting |
| Case Design | Rimless, Bottleneck |
| Year Introduced | 1974 |
5.45x39mm: Pros and Cons
Pros
- ✔ Low recoil for easy control and quick follow-up shots
- ✔ Flat trajectory for improved accuracy at medium ranges
- ✔ Lightweight ammunition allows for increased carry capacity
- ✔ Good penetration characteristics
- ✔ Widely used in former Soviet bloc countries and their allies
Cons
- ✘ Limited availability in some Western countries
- ✘ Less effective for hunting larger game
- ✘ Fewer firearm options compared to more common calibers
- ✘ May be subject to import restrictions in some countries
- ✘ Less common for civilian use in Western countries
5.45x39mm Ammo: In Depth
The 5.45x39mm is a small-caliber, high-velocity rifle cartridge that has made a significant impact in military and law enforcement applications. Known for its low recoil, flat trajectory, and good penetration characteristics, this caliber has become a staple in many Eastern European and Asian countries. The 5.45x39mm offers an impressive balance of controllability and effectiveness, making it suitable for a wide range of applications from military operations to target shooting.
History and Development
The 5.45x39mm cartridge was developed in the early 1970s by the Soviet Union as a replacement for the 7.62x39mm round used in the AK-47. It was introduced in 1974 along with the AK-74 rifle, which was designed to chamber the new cartridge.
The development of the 5.45x39mm was driven by the desire to create a cartridge that could compete with the NATO 5.56x45mm round used in the M16 rifle. The goal was to design a cartridge that offered improved accuracy, flatter trajectory, and reduced recoil compared to the 7.62x39mm, while still maintaining good terminal ballistics.
Soviet engineers focused on creating a cartridge that could efficiently use a small-diameter, high-velocity bullet. They developed a bottlenecked case that could propel a 3.43g (53 grain) bullet at high velocities, resulting in excellent ballistic performance.
Since its introduction, the 5.45x39mm has been widely adopted by countries of the former Soviet Union and their allies. It has been used in various conflicts and has proven its effectiveness in military and law enforcement applications. The cartridge has also gained some popularity among civilian shooters, particularly those interested in Soviet and Russian firearms.
The 5.45x39mm's success has led to its use in various rifle designs beyond the original AK-74, including other Kalashnikov variants and some Western-designed firearms. While not as widely available as some NATO calibers in Western countries, it has developed a dedicated following among shooting enthusiasts who appreciate its unique characteristics and historical significance.
Complete Timeline of 5.45x39mm Development:
5.45x39mm Performance
The 5.45x39mm offers unique performance characteristics that have made it a staple in military applications and increasingly popular among civilian shooters. Here's a breakdown of its key performance attributes:
| Characteristic | Performance |
|---|---|
| ► Velocity | 2,900-3,200 fps (53-60 grain bullets) High velocity contributes to flat trajectory |
| → Trajectory | Very flat trajectory Minimal bullet drop at medium ranges |
| ⚡ Energy | ~1,000 ft-lbs at muzzle (53-grain bullet) Effective for its size, but less than larger calibers |
| ↕ Recoil | Very low recoil Allows for quick follow-up shots and improved control |
| ⦿ Accuracy | Good accuracy potential Capable of MOA groups with quality ammunition and rifles |
5.45x39mm: Bullet Weight vs. Muzzle Velocity
This chart shows how bullet weight affects muzzle velocity for the 5.45x39mm cartridge.
Note: Actual velocities may vary based on specific loads, barrel length, and other factors. These values are estimates for comparison purposes.
5.45x39mm: Effective Range for Different Applications
This table provides estimated effective ranges for the 5.45x39mm cartridge for various applications. Ranges are based on typical bullet weights and velocities.
| Application | Effective Range (yards) | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Military/Tactical | 0-400 | Designed for effective engagement at typical combat distances |
| Law Enforcement | 0-300 | Good balance of power and controllability for urban environments |
| Varmint Hunting | 0-250 | Suitable for small to medium-sized varmints, though not a typical hunting round |
| Target Shooting | 0-500 | Popular for recreational shooting and some competitive disciplines |
| Self-Defense | 0-100 | Effective at close range, but overpenetration can be a concern in home defense |
Note: Effective ranges can vary based on factors such as bullet selection, shooter skill, wind conditions, and specific firearm characteristics. The 5.45x39mm is primarily a military cartridge and may be subject to legal restrictions for civilian use in some jurisdictions.
5.45x39mm: Barrel Twist Rate Optimization
Optimal barrel twist rates for the 5.45x39mm are generally consistent across bullet weights, but slight variations exist. This guide helps you understand the typical twist rates for 5.45x39mm rifles.
| Bullet Weight (gr) | Typical Twist Rate | Visualization (barrel length for one full rotation) |
|---|---|---|
| 39-60 | 1:8" |
8"
|
| 60-80 | 1:8" or 1:7.5" |
8"
7.5"
|
Understanding Twist Rates for 5.45x39mm
A barrel's twist rate refers to the distance a bullet travels to complete one full rotation. For example, a 1:8" twist means the bullet makes one complete rotation every 8 inches of barrel length.
- The 5.45x39mm typically uses a 1:8" twist rate, which is suitable for most bullet weights used in this caliber.
- This faster twist rate helps stabilize the relatively light, high-velocity bullets used in the 5.45x39mm cartridge.
- Some custom barrels may use slightly different twist rates, but 1:8" is the most common and works well for the majority of 5.45x39mm loads.
In the visualization, shorter bars represent faster twist rates, as the bullet completes one full rotation in a shorter distance.
Note: The 5.45x39mm cartridge was designed with a specific twist rate in mind, and most rifles chambered for this round use the standard 1:8" twist. Always consult your rifle and ammunition manufacturers for specific recommendations, especially for custom builds or non-standard loads.
Applications for 5.45x39mm
The 5.45x39mm cartridge is designed primarily for military and tactical applications, but it has found use in other areas as well:
Available Firearms
The 5.45x39mm is primarily available in AK-pattern rifles and some other platforms. Here's why you might choose each type:
AK-74 and Variants
Why choose: AK-74 style rifles in 5.45x39mm offer:
- Legendary reliability and durability of the AK platform
- Familiar ergonomics for AK users
- Lower recoil compared to 7.62x39mm AK variants
- Good accuracy for a military-style rifle
- Wide availability of surplus parts and accessories
Modern Sporting Rifles
Why choose: Modern sporting rifles in 5.45x39mm provide:
- AR-15 style ergonomics with 5.45x39mm ballistics
- Often more customizable than traditional AK platforms
- Potential for better accuracy in some designs
- Appeal to enthusiasts looking for unique builds
- Compatibility with a wide range of AR-15 parts and accessories
Semi-Auto Tactical Rifles
Why choose: Other semi-auto tactical rifles in 5.45x39mm offer:
- Alternative designs that may appeal to collectors
- Potentially better ergonomics than traditional AK designs
- Often feature modern accessory mounting options
- May offer improved accuracy over standard AK platforms
- Unique options for enthusiasts of military-style firearms
Custom Builds
Why choose: Custom-built 5.45x39mm rifles allow for:
- Unique configurations not available in factory options
- Integration of high-end components for enhanced performance
- Tailored specifications to meet specific shooting needs
- Opportunity for creating collectible or specialized rifles
Manufacturer Options
Here are some of the manufacturers offering 5.45x39mm firearms:
- AK-pattern: Arsenal, Century Arms, Palmetto State Armory, FB Radom
- Modern Sporting Rifles: CMMG, Masterpiece Arms
- Other Semi-Auto: SIG Sauer (rare), CZ (limited models)
- Custom Builders: Various small-scale custom builders offer 5.45x39mm options
Available Ammunition
The 5.45x39mm has limited factory ammunition options compared to more common calibers, but several manufacturers produce it:
Caliber Comparisons
To understand the 5.45x39mm's place in the shooting world, it's helpful to compare it to similar cartridges. Click on each comparison to see more details:
Recoil Energy Comparison
Compare the estimated recoil energy of the 5.45x39mm with other popular cartridges. (Based on a 7 lb rifle)
Note: Recoil energy can vary based on specific loads, rifle weight, and other factors. These values are estimates for comparison purposes.
Ballistic Trajectory Comparison
This chart compares the ballistic trajectory (bullet drop) of the 5.45x39mm with other popular cartridges over distance.
Note: Trajectories are calculated for a 100-yard zero. Actual results may vary based on specific loads, atmospheric conditions, and firearm characteristics.
Wind Drift Comparison
This chart compares the wind drift of the 5.45x39mm with other popular cartridges in a 10 mph crosswind.
Note: Wind drift is calculated for a 10 mph full-value crosswind. Actual results may vary based on specific loads, atmospheric conditions, and firearm characteristics.
Energy Retention Comparison
This chart compares the energy retention of the 5.45x39mm with other popular cartridges over distance.
Note: Energy values are calculated based on typical bullet weights and velocities for each cartridge. Actual results may vary based on specific loads and environmental conditions.
Estimated Barrel Life Expectancy Comparison
This chart provides a general comparison of estimated barrel life for the 5.45x39mm and similar cartridges. Actual barrel life can vary significantly based on factors such as firing schedule, barrel quality, and maintenance.
| Cartridge | Estimated Barrel Life (Rounds) |
|---|---|
| 5.45x39mm |
|
| 5.56x45mm NATO |
|
| 7.62x39mm |
|
| .223 Remington |
|
| .308 Winchester |
|
Note: These are rough estimates and can vary greatly depending on usage, load data, cleaning regimen, and individual barrel characteristics. High-volume shooters may see shorter lifespans, while casual shooters might experience longer barrel life.
Sectional Density Comparison
Sectional density is a measure of a bullet's mass relative to its diameter. Higher sectional density generally indicates better penetration and energy retention.
| Cartridge | Bullet Weight (gr) | Sectional Density | Relative SD |
|---|---|---|---|
| 5.45x39mm | 53 | 0.157 |
|
| 5.45x39mm | 60 | 0.178 |
|
| 5.56x45mm NATO | 62 | 0.183 |
|
| 7.62x39mm | 123 | 0.225 |
|
| .223 Remington | 55 | 0.162 |
|
| .308 Winchester | 168 | 0.253 |
|
Note: Sectional density is calculated as (bullet weight in pounds) / (bullet diameter in inches)². Higher sectional density generally indicates better penetration, but other factors like velocity and bullet construction also play significant roles in overall performance.
Conclusion
The 5.45x39mm represents a significant development in military small arms cartridges, offering improved ballistic performance over its predecessor, the 7.62x39mm. Its combination of high velocity, flat trajectory, and low recoil makes it an effective option for a variety of military and civilian applications.
Military and law enforcement users appreciate its ability to deliver accurate fire at medium ranges with minimal recoil, allowing for quick follow-up shots and improved control in rapid-fire situations. Civilian shooters, particularly those interested in military-style rifles, value its low recoil and unique historical significance.
Since its introduction in the 1970s, the 5.45x39mm has been widely adopted by former Soviet and Warsaw Pact countries, becoming a standard in their military arsenals. Its popularity in these regions has led to the development of various firearms chambered for this cartridge, particularly variants of the AK platform.
The 5.45x39mm's success stems from its ability to offer good ballistic performance in a lightweight package, allowing soldiers to carry more ammunition. While not as widely available in Western countries as some NATO calibers, it has developed a dedicated following among firearms enthusiasts and collectors.
As geopolitical situations evolve and military doctrines adapt, the 5.45x39mm's role may change, but its place in firearms history is secure. For those interested in Eastern European and Russian firearms or looking for a low-recoil option for target shooting, the 5.45x39mm continues to be an intriguing choice.
5.45x39mm Bullets FAQs:
The 5.45x39mm is the Soviet/Russian counterpart to the NATO 5.56x45mm. While similar in size, the 5.45x39mm typically uses lighter bullets (53-60 grains vs 55-77 grains for 5.56mm) and has a slightly smaller case capacity. The 5.45x39mm is known for its flatter trajectory and lower recoil, while the 5.56x45mm is more widely available in Western countries.
While not as common as 5.56x45mm or 7.62x39mm, 5.45x39mm ammunition is available in the U.S. However, availability can fluctuate due to import restrictions and market demands. Several manufacturers produce it domestically, and surplus ammunition can sometimes be found. It's advisable to check with local gun stores or online retailers for current availability.
The most common firearms chambered in 5.45x39mm are variants of the AK-74 rifle. This includes the original AK-74, AKS-74, AK-74M, and various civilian semi-automatic versions. Some other firearms, like the Polish Tantal and certain AR-15 style rifles, have also been produced in this caliber.
The 5.45x39mm is known for its low recoil. It generally produces less felt recoil than the 7.62x39mm used in the AK-47, and is comparable to or slightly less than the 5.56x45mm NATO. This low recoil characteristic allows for better control during rapid fire and makes it easier for shooters to stay on target for follow-up shots.
While the 5.45x39mm can be used for hunting, it's generally considered marginal for medium-sized game. It's most suitable for varmint hunting and small game. For larger animals, it may not provide sufficient energy for ethical kills, especially at longer ranges. Many jurisdictions also have minimum caliber requirements for certain game animals, so it's important to check local hunting regulations before using this cartridge for hunting.